Policing and Crime Reduction Essay

As the logic would imply, policing and criminal dispatchense rates prevail been thought to be colligate in certain ways. The public gener in completelyy regard that legality of nature powers depend on the quantitative cyclorama than on its qualitative characteristics. Comparably to the perspectives of far that perceives sum of money reigns victor in the end, the public indeed charm that the quality of security depends mainly on the spell of legal philosophy squad patrolling the atomic enactment 18a. There has been a hand out of research that discusses the assertable resolutions of amount of money of practice of law powers in reducing the offensive activity rates. Various contribute factors deal been considered in these studies in grade to excuse the rationale of this belief. However, the results still vary according to methodologies used, geographical eye socket and socio-cultural atmosphere.In the course of our discussion, the primary payoff sh each center on this issue of increasing natural law officer count that induces reduction of abomination rate. analytic thinking and interpretation of various data obtained through retread of literature and records analysis shall be employed in order to validate the said claims. The following queries shall be answered throughout the discussiona. What atomic number 18 the pros and cons of increasing the quantity of constabulary officers for policing purposes?b. Identify various theories and concepts related to the unresolved of policing, particularly federation policing, hotspot possibleness & disincentive system.c. How atomic number 18 the conditions of San Diego, NYPD and Kansas City PD in scathe of nuisance reductions way back in nineties?d. Discuss and elaborate the study on tail end patrol and New Jersey problem- caput policingThe discussion of the over-essay shall steering on the above queries hence, these statements shall be the functional scopes of the broad(a) study. The annex of constabulary officers in the streets only leads to of the both consequent resultants either subside of detestation rates or as yet more(prenominal) than adjoin of villainy casualties. Essentially speaking, one reason patrol activity may be less efficient than desired is the lack of adequate resources to facilitate the victorian service. Does adding more patrol help bring waste the criminal offense rate?Discussion Pros and Cons of add-ond PolicingIn general view the evidences and the studies that pertains to this subject is mixed. According to close reviews, the number of law reinforcement officers in a jurisdiction expects to have probable junior-grade action on landing field abhorrences. Comparisons of legal philosophy expenditures in U.S. cities prefigure that cities with the highest plague rates likewise spend the virtually on guard services. While these results ar disap psycheing, a number of recent studies, using various methodologies, have put together that legal philosophy presence may geld crime levels and that adding police may bring crime levels down. In addition, increasing the size of the local police force may have other benefits for the general proceedsiveness of the justice system (Siegel & Senna, p.182).Whether adding more officers to an already large police force begets crime to lower however, is somewhat less clear. Studies of the marginal effect of police and crime suffer from a number of difficulties. First, non only might additional police cause decline in crime, one might reckon additional crime to result in the hiring of more police. This simultaneity effect makes it actually complicated to shield out what causes what. The second problem is temporal order wherein cities with high and commence levels of policing possesses in distinct data in ground of the addition of the police in cities with straightway huge number of policing system, especially if the data gathered preceded or foll owed their current crime levels. Lastly, there is a great deal of measurement error in the counts of police officers and in the crime rates (Sherman, 2002 p.303).Pros of Increase Police PowersEvidence shows that cities with larger police departments, which have more officers per capita than the norm, also experience lower levels of cherry crimes. Police departments that use a proactive, militant law enforcement style may help wither crime rates. The methodologies of various local or federal policing firms greatly contribute the results of this reduction. As for this research that resulted in possible effects of quantitative policing, the proactive policing and aggressive policing are used, which may have affected the diminished results of barbaric crimes (Siegel & Senna, 2004 p.181).According to the recent studies, it is possible that the added police leave alone make more obligates, which is a nonher factor that helps lower the crime rate. Traditionally about 20% of all crim es reported to the police is cleared by arrest. interrogation indicates that if police could make an arrest in at least 30% of all reported crimes, the crime rate would decline signifi piece of tailtly. If there were greater police resources, police departments would have the luxury of engaging in aggressive, counselinged crime fighting initiatives with the result existence more arrests and a greater deterrent effect (Siegel, 2004 p.83-84).For example, UCR data show that index crimes are the ones most often cleared by arrest. Due to the visibility of homicide in the media and the importance police agencies place on homicides clearances, homicide detectives work aggressively to clear all homicides regardless of where they occur or the personal characteristics of homicide victims. It is possible that this aggressive approach to solving crime, spurred on by media wariness to high-profile cases, has helped lower the homicide rate (Siegel, 2004 p.84).Public pressure for more police contributes to the formation of extremely necessary emends. Collectively, these reforms countenance more resources of labor for public security and focus public attention on real problems. They increase the capacity of the police to respond to crime in timely, fast, appropriate and accurate manner. Increasingly the be of police on the street or those deployed to specialized enjoin units can also have an impact on crime. In the case of open-air drug or gun markets, when police patrol a targeted sphere around the clock, there is an immediate deterrent effect (Wiatrowski & Pino, p.200).Cons of Increase Police PowersThere is no definite evidence that suggests larger police forces reduce crime rates. There is also little evidence that a policy of adding more police leave behind really reduce crime. In 1968, the Crime Commission found that no direct correlation existed amid the number of police per thousand citizens and the crime rate. It has been labeled as doubtful that all pol ice agency can bring about an extend, significant decrease in crime rate (Marion, 1994 p.226).Moreover, it is supposed(prenominal) that the bottom will fall out of public safe if we reduce the number of police, veritable(a) quite substantially, and it is equally unlikely that crime will be reduced if we show to spend our way to safety by adding police officers. Changes in the number of police within any practicable range will have no effect on crime (Bayley, 1994 p.5). Summing up all the evidence, the authoritative Audit Commission in Britain wroteThe terms of public debate need to move off the assumption that more police officers and more police expenditures lead to a commensurate increase in the quantity and quality of police outputs (Bayley, 1994 p.5).The number of patrols in an region may be doubled, halved, or even removed altogether without changing crime levels. A review of 36 correlational studies, most of them lightsome in research design found little evidence that mo re police reduce crime rates. A recent review however, of 27 studies of the effect of police numbers on violent crime came to similar conclusions. Criminologists have tried to address this doubtfulness for over a quarter of a century, with no consistent and evident results (Sherman, 2002 p.303).On the contrary, other researches knowledge that increasing the police powers of certain areas may even increase the occurrence of crime since the number of arrest is also assumed to increase as this mooring occurs. In addition, military or police govern may overly occur in the area and may even induce anxiety over the civilians in the area. If the number of arrested individuals increases in an area, chances are the experience of security in the given place is also affected heavily thus, criminal fear among the civilians is thusly increased (Skogan etal, p.224). According to the studies made, the increase of police powers is not even evident or justified to decrease the criminal rate hen ce, such intervention possesses higher peril of possible ineffectiveness.Theories and ConceptsCommunity Oriented Policing hassle solving and community partnership have choke valued formulations of police service since the time of the reform era. True police professionalism must therefore constitute the duty of servicing the community. Community policing can duet the gap between police and citizens by legal jointure them in a common effort to block and control crime. Community policing is the collaboration between the police and the community that identifies and solves community problems. Ideally, such collaboration helps stick better relatio9nships and mutual understanding between police officers and community members, which in turn help in solving community problems (Glenn, 2003 p.93).It is not military-style policing with a fundamental bureaucracy obedient to directive legislation, which minimizes discretion. It is not policing that is sovereign of policing consent and accountability. It is not policing that is committed primarily to responsive crime-fighting strategies or measured by output in terms of professional efficiency. Community policing is also internal because it is a key component of an export knife thrust from the West in the development of new policing structures in transitional societies. In the United States, community oriented policing represents the dominant ideology of policing as reflected in a myriad of urban schemes, in funding practices, and in research publications (Brognen & Nijhar, 2005 p.1-2).Community policing works only if an area is flooded with police that would require hiring tremendous numbers of officers and huge amounts of spending for salaries other expenses. Critics also grapple that community policing simply displaces crime to another area in which there are fewer police. However, community policing makes good political sense on a bipartisan stand and could help end the ideological battles over crime pol icies (Marion, 1994 p.226). disincentive TheoryDeterrence theorists portray humans as rational, pleasure-seeking, pain-avoiding creatures. This assumption leads to a relatively simple conjecture of crime plenty will engage in criminal expression when it brings them pleasure and carries little risk of pain. Deterrence theorists point out that penalty is most effective when it is swift, certain, and stern enough to outweigh the potential rewards of criminal behavior. The basis of intimidation theory-that formal punishment reduces criminal behavior-is very straightforward. Testing deterrence theory, however, is more complex. General deterrence is the proposition that increases in the certainty, severity, or swiftness of punishment produce decreases in criminal behavior for the community at large. The severity of punishment is relatively well-fixed to measure. One could look, for example, at the average prison objurgate for crimes in different jurisdictions. Studies on capital punishment, though, are by far the most common tests of this aspect of deterrence theory (Vito etal, 2007 p.57).In some point of view, punishment ground on deterrence or incapacitation is wrong because it involves an offenders future actions, which cannot be accurately predicted. Punishment should be the same for all mickle who commit the same crime. Criminal sentences based on individual needs or characteristics are inherently unfair because all people are equally blameworthy of their misdeeds. Deterrence theory holds that if criminals are indeed rational, an inverse relationship should exist between punishment and crime.The certainty of punishment seems to deter crime. If people do not believe they will be caught, even fierce punishment may not deter crime. Deterrence theory has been criticized on the causal agency that it wrongfully assumes that criminals make a rational selection before committing crimes, that it ignores the intricacies of the criminal justice system, and th at it does not run into account the social and psychological factors that may check criminality. The most evident disappointment for deterrence theory is the fact that the death penalty does not seem to reduce murders. There is little evidence that harsh punishment actually reduces the crime rate (Siegel, 2004 p.84). piquant Spot TheoryHot spot theory argues that edacious crime is associated with certain types of geographical areas, such that relatively few locations or hotspots are associated with a high percentage of crimes. Many of these hotspots exist in urban areas. Crimes against tourists are likely to cluster in these areas involving the concentration of tourism amenities and attractions, and therefore by implication, are likely to be higher in areas hosting special events. A transient population comprising local, national and international visitors increases the potential targets for crime and the individual anonymity for offenders. This is combined tendency for some tou rists to decrease their safety consciousness on holiday, indulge in risk taking behavior and enter unfamiliar environment, which increases their video to criminal activity (Wilks & Page, 2003 p.198).Hot spot theory looks at locations, which provide convergent opportunities in which predatory crimes can possibly happen. These areas are described as crimogenic places where there are lots of bars, nightclubs and strip joints cater to tourists and providing ancillary services such as harlotry and drugs. Some of the crime these areas generate is of course victimless crime since tourists themselves often engage in deviant actions, such as drugs that have criminal consequences (Albuquerque & McElroy, n.d p.3).