Essay about Comparison of Plato and Aristotle’s Philosophies

Antonio Burkes Philosophy 1 June 4, 2001 Comparison of Plato and Aristotle’s Philosophies Plato and Aristotle are both great philosophers in their own regard. Both agree that the world has a purpose, and that it’s not just an accident. Both also hate materialists since in their (materialists’) interpretation of the world, value, choice, and freedom are not plausible outcomes, and so morality and rationality do not make sense. And both ask the same question, what does it take to be a good, moral person? Yet, even though Aristotle was a student of Plato, each philosopher develops his own view on things and a specific way of solving a particular problem. For example, Plato and Aristotle have quite different views regarding life.†¦show more content†¦He believes language is capable of expressing the truth of things, since that truth concerns the sensible world, and our view of it (the world) begins with our senses, hearing, touching, seeing, etc. Although the senses themselves are not sufficient to lead to knowledge, they are the only reliable entities through which we can pursue it. The two philosophers also differ on what human nature is. Plato is convinced that the real person is the soul, not the body. Souls that inhabit our bodies are there, but are not dependent on us for their existence. They have knowledge of the Forms before we are even born and by being virtuous we can enjoy unity with the Forms after death. Aristotle’s main theme on humans is simple man is a rational animal. There is no separate soul from man; a person has a soul that is special, but a person is still one unified creature. Plato seems to be very concerned about relativism and skepticism and devotes a lot of writing to proving those beliefs wrong. He thinks that skepticism and relativism killed Socrates, not the members of the Athenian jury. The views they have come to hold that every opinion is as good as another’s, and that if one thinks something is good for them really is good for them makes the case of Athens thinking it is right to condemn Socrates right for Athens. Plato knows condemning Socrates is wrong; so he knows that there must be standards that are more conventional. The Forms,Show MoreRelatedAristotle: The Pursuit of Happiness1358 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle and Plato both are both well known for their focus on defining the purpose of being human. To them, humans have a particular characteristic that no other living thing possesses. That characteristic is that humans strive to achieve a level of goodness. 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The word â€Å"Mimesis† developed from the root mimos, noun designating both a person who imitates and a specific genre of performance basedRead MorePlato Aristotle Comparison1798 Words   |  8 PagesImitative Art A Comparison of the Philosophies of Plato Aristotle And the Ultimate Beneficial Nature of the Tragic Drama By: Stephanie Cimino In the various discussions of imitative art there has been a notable disagreement between two distinguished philosophers; Plato and Aristotle. Although it was Plato who first discussed the concept of imitative art, it is my belief that Aristotle was justified in his praise and admiration of imitative art, specifically, the tragic dramaRead MoreThe Evolving Role of Poetry and the Poet Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagesconsists of a series of footnotes to Plato, claimed Alfred North Whitehead in 1929s Process and Reality. Plato studied under Socrates in Athens, Greece, and showed a deep interest for politics. 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Influence of Online Social Networks †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Influence of Online Social Networks. Answer: Introduction UNICEF Child Care is an organization that provides caring and supervision services to children of ages between six and thirteen. For enrolling in their services, the parents of the children need to register their names in the company office and make payments for bearing the expenses of food, toys and residence of their children (Zaglia et al. 2015). However, UNICEF has noticed that this process has a number of issues and problems that is affecting the entire business structure of the company. While some issues are due to manual processing, others are mainly due to lack of proper operation structure that need to be addressed. UNICEF has proposed the development of a new information system including a company business portal that will be able to solve the identified problems at once. The development of the proposed system will require a particular development method that should include a well defined development life cycle. Some of the possible systems development methods include agile, waterfall or prototyping. Analysing the requirement of this system, the best method for the development will be Prototyping. The systems development life cycle will be as follows. Initiation In this phase of the life cycle, the development of the prototype will be initiated. This phase includes preparation of requirement document, collection of resources, planning and others. Prototyping This is the main phase of the development life cycle that can be repeated more than once unless the desired outcome is reached (Bimonte et al. 2017). This phase contains a number of sub-phases including requirement gathering, developing and testing. Production Finally, in this phase, the complete version is developed from the prototype and delivered to the project client. Among all the different development methodologies, prototyping method has been chosen because in this project, the prototype of the system will be first developed and tested. Based on the test results and completion of the entire prototype, the full version will be developed and handed over to UNICEF. Systems Requirements Business Portal A business portal is required where the clients of the organization i.e. the parents of the children will be able to create personal profiles through which they will be able to perform business interactions with UNICEF (Fan and Yang 2015). For instance, while making payments for their children, they will have an online payment option in the portal. Through this gateway, they will be able to pay UNICEF for bearing the costs of their children. Automated Supply Order The business portal of the company will have to option to place orders for supplies once in a while. As per the proposed plan, at the end of a period of 7 days, the number of new requests will be counted and order will be placed automatically by the system. Payment Gateway Client Generally, payment gateways are provided by different organizations for safe transfer of money from the sender to the recipient (Sugianto and Tojib 2015). For the business portal of UNICEF, a suitable client will be needed who will provide a secure payment gateway. Accessibility Requirement The portal should be developed such that it will be accessible through different web browsers and devices. Project Cost Benefit Analysis Project cost benefit analysis is done in order to estimate a possible range of profit to be gained from the project as well as the percentage of benefit gained from these profits in terms of the expenses faced in the course of the project. Gantt chart is an important tool in determining the schedule of a project based on the requirements. On the other hand, a work breakdown structure is generally utilized to break down the work packages for simplifying the overall phases of the project. A work breakdown structure of a project is generally developed from the list of deliverables and it also links various work packages that lie under the same project phase. A work breakdown structure can also be used to develop the Gantt chart for determining an estimated timeline for the project. Task Name Duration Start Finish Development of Online Business Portal for UNICEF 72 days Mon 6/4/18 Tue 9/11/18 Project Starting 5 days Mon 6/4/18 Fri 6/8/18 Issues Identification and Analysis 1 day Mon 6/4/18 Mon 6/4/18 Discussion and Group Meeting 1 day Tue 6/5/18 Tue 6/5/18 Agreement on a Solution 1 day Wed 6/6/18 Wed 6/6/18 Decide on the Development of New System 1 day Thu 6/7/18 Thu 6/7/18 Approval of Project 1 day Fri 6/8/18 Fri 6/8/18 Project Planning 9 days Mon 6/11/18 Thu 6/21/18 Scope Determination during Project 2 days Mon 6/11/18 Tue 6/12/18 Development of Project Plan Document 1 day Wed 6/13/18 Wed 6/13/18 Create Project Schedule Using Gantt Chart 1 day Thu 6/14/18 Thu 6/14/18 Estimate Budget 1 day Fri 6/15/18 Fri 6/15/18 Finalize Budget 1 day Mon 6/18/18 Mon 6/18/18 Procure Budget and Resources 1 day Tue 6/19/18 Tue 6/19/18 Duty Allocation to Stakeholders 1 day Wed 6/20/18 Wed 6/20/18 Go Ahead for Project 1 day Thu 6/21/18 Thu 6/21/18 Project Execution Phase 49 days Fri 6/22/18 Wed 8/29/18 Recruit Team 2 days Fri 6/22/18 Mon 6/25/18 Create System Prototype 8 days Tue 6/26/18 Thu 7/5/18 Add System Features 7 days Fri 7/6/18 Mon 7/16/18 Test the Prototype 2 days Tue 7/17/18 Wed 7/18/18 Develop Full Version 10 days Thu 7/19/18 Wed 8/1/18 Add Coding and Programming 4 days Thu 8/2/18 Tue 8/7/18 Test the System 5 days Wed 8/8/18 Tue 8/14/18 Risk Assessment 5 days Wed 8/15/18 Tue 8/21/18 Risk Management 5 days Wed 8/22/18 Tue 8/28/18 Project Handover 1 day Wed 8/29/18 Wed 8/29/18 Project Closing Phase 9 days Thu 8/30/18 Tue 9/11/18 Post Project Appraisal 5 days Thu 8/30/18 Wed 9/5/18 Completion of System Development Document 2 days Thu 9/6/18 Fri 9/7/18 Sign Off from Stakeholders 1 day Mon 9/10/18 Mon 9/10/18 Closing 1 day Tue 9/11/18 Tue 9/11/18 Table 2: Project Schedule System Information Requirement Investigation Techniques In order to determine the stakeholders of the project, the following table has been developed. Stakeholder Role / Responsibility Project Manager Control and management of the project Finance Manager Control and management of the funds IT Manager Management of IT setup of the organization Systems Developer Development of the Business Portal Tester Testing of the Prototype and Full Version Resource Manager Procurement of necessary resources System investigation techniques will be deployed in order to identify faults and errors in the existing system and address them in due course. Some of the investigation techniques to be deployed in this project are as follows. Survey (Online or Paper Questionnaires) This method can be utilized to gain user feedbacks regarding the use of the system. In these questionnaires, there will be a series of questions with a fixed set of answers that will be chosen by the participants. Personal Interview This is another efficient investigation method and it provides a better dataset as there are no limited sets of answers (Joslin and Mller 2015). The participants can provide any feedback to the interviewer regarding the working of the system. Document Analysis This process is done by studying the system details document developed throughout the course of the project. This document can provide some necessary data sets regarding faults and errors in the system. In this project, I have gathered significant amount of knowledge regarding system design and development. I also learnt to plan a project as well as develop suitable parameters of the project like project schedule and cost benefit analysis. Finally, I learnt the use of work breakdown structure as a tool for determining and linking various work packages in the project. This report is finally concluded by stating that a suitable project plan has been developed for the project based on the feasibility limits of time and budget. A systems development methodology has also been chosen for the development of the system proposed by UNICEF. References Bimonte, S., Sautot, L., Journaux, L. and Faivre, B., 2017. Multidimensional model design using data mining: A rapid prototyping methodology.International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining (IJDWM),13(1), pp.1-35. el Khaldi, F., Ahouangonou, C., Niess, M. and David, O., 2016. Cloud based hpc for innovative virtual prototyping methodology: Automotive applications.Transportation Research Procedia,14, pp.993-1002. Fan, J. and Yang, W., 2015. Study on e-government services quality: The integration of online and offline services.Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management,8(3), p.693. Joslin, R. and Mller, R., 2015. Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts.International Journal of Project Management,33(6),pp.1377-1392. Kerzner, H. and Kerzner, H.R., 2017.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Mancuso, V., Vitale, C., Gupta, R., Rathi, K. and Morelli, A., 2014. A prototyping methodology for SDN-controlled LTE using SDR. Prashar, S., Vijay, T.S. and Parsad, C., 2015. Antecedents to online shopping: Factors influencing the selection of web portal.International Journal of E-Business Research (IJEBR),11(1), pp.35-55. Sautot, L., Bimonte, S., Journaux, L. and Faivre, B., 2014, September. A methodology and tool for rapid prototyping of data warehouses using data mining: Application to birds biodiversity. InInternational Conference on Model and Data Engineering(pp. 250-257). Springer, Cham. Sugianto, L.F. and Tojib, D.R., 2015. Modelling user satisfaction with an employee portal.International Journal of Business and Information,1(2). Svejvig, P. and Andersen, P., 2015. Rethinking project management: A structured literature review with a critical look at the brave new world.International Journal of Project Management,33(2), pp.278-290. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Zaglia, M.E., Waiguny, M.K., Abfalter, D. and Mller, J., 2015. The influence of online social networks on performance of small and medium enterprises: An empirical investigation of the online business to business network XING.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing,7(1), pp.1-23.

No Oyes Ladrar Los Perro Essays - Hombre Tenas Que Ser,

No Oyes Ladrar Los Perro Farnaz Falsafi Espa?ol 312 18/09/00 ?No oyes ladrar los perros? Hay muchas maneras y t?cticas en revelar al lector lo que quiere decir el autor. En el cuento ?No oyes ladrar los perros? de Juan Rulfo, se puede ver que la estructura de los personajes, y tambi?n la estructura social, tienen una gran importancia sobre el desarrollo de los temas principales. La estructura de los personajes que Rulfo pint? tiene bastante importancia. El car?cter principal, el padre, ilustra la relaci?n entre padre e hijo. El padre en el cuento no tiene nombre. Pero tambi?n, su car?cter no necesita un nombre porque todos saben c?mo es un ?padre.? Eso significa que ?l tiene autoridad y m?s a?os. El nombre ?padre? da un sentido de intimidad y familiaridad entre ?l y su hijo. El padre es un hombre viejo y no se siente bien por cuidar a su hijo. ?l est? cansado de llevar su hijo en sus hombros pero no puede hacer nada por su propio porque el hijo necesita un doctor. Eso muestra los sacrificios que un padre hace por su hijo. El padre cuida a su hijo s?lo por el amor que siente por su difunta esposa. ?Todo esto que hago, no lo hago por usted. Lo hago por su difunta madre. Porque usted fue su hijo? (160). El lector puede ver el cambio a la forma de ?usted?. Esta cambio demuestra el odio que se siente el padre a su hijo por las cosas malas que ?l hizo. Es ir?nico porque normalmente, se usa ?usted? para dar respecto a alguien. El padre est? siendo sarc?stico porque obviamente no respecta a su hijo malo. Rulfo da la idea que el padre todav?a quiere a su hijo aunque es tan malo. Parece que le da lastima al padre que su hijo viv?a del robo y mata a gente inocente, pero todav?a lo quiere. Es su hijo, parte de su alma y ser que solo un padre puede sentir tanto por su hijo a pesar de todo lo que ?l hizo. El hijo del padre, Ignacio, tiene un car?cter muy maldecido. ?l anda por las calles y, para sobrevivir, roba y mata a la gente inocente. ?l est? enfermo y herido, probablemente por andar luchando con otros en la calle. Ignacio y su padre tienen una relaci?n bastante complicada. En el cuento, Ignacio est? sentado en los hombros de su padre. Su posici?n sobre el padre representa que Ignacio es una carga para su padre. Hay unos otros personajes en el cuento de importancia. El car?cter menor de la madre difunta, aunque no est? viva en el cuento, tiene un papel significativo. Ella provee el elemento unificador entre el padre y su hijo. El padre ama a su esposa, y porque Ignacio es hijo de ella, ?l se siente responsable para el bienestar de Ignacio. ?Ella me reconvendr?a si yo lo hubiera dejado tirado all?, donde lo encontr?, y no lo hubiera recogido para llevarlo a que lo curen, como estoy haciendo? (160). Otro car?cter, Tranquilino, tiene un nombre significante. ?Tranquilo? significa algo pac?fico o calma. Su nombre es como una iron?a contra Ignacio. Ignacio mat? a Tranquilino, un amigo de su padre que tambi?n bautiz? a Ignacio y le dio su nombre. La iron?a es en que Ignacio mat? a una persona que era tan simp?tico y unido con el padre. El autor usa ?sta nombre para destacar y exagerar la malevolencia de Ignacio. El ultimo car?cter importante tambi?n no aparece f?sicamente en el cuento. Eso son los perros. Aunque los perros no son personajes, simbolizan unos de los temas del cuento. Los perros representan una meta que el padre est? tratando de alcanzar. Para ellos, o?r los perros es igual a la libertad. Se puede o?r la desesperaci?n en la voz del padre cuando no oye ladrar los perros. ?T? que vas all? arriba, Ignacio, d?me si no oyes alguna se?al de algo... Ya debemos estar cerca... Mira bien... ?Me o?ste Ignacio? Te digo que no veo bien? (158, 160). Al fin del cuento tambi?n, los perros distingu?an entre el bueno y el malo. El padre, que es una persona buena y trabajador, oye los perros. Pero Ignacio, un chico rabioso

Fischer essays

Fischer essays The main idea of this story was that Antwan Fischer wanted a family, so that he could be loved. Antwan had dreams of his father welcoming him into a big barn full of family surrounding a table of soul food. Antwan was in the Navy had no immediate family, his father was murder by an ex-girlfriend and mother was in a state prison for women when she gave birth to him. Which then led Antwan to an orphanage for babies for a few years. After the orphanage Antwan was place in a Foster Home with a family, Mr., Mrs., daughter Nadine Tate and two Foster brothers Dwight and Keith. Mrs. Tate physically and mentally abused Antwan and brothers. If she (Mrs. Tate) felt the boys did something wrong, she would take them down to the basement, tie their hands together and beat them. Instead calling them by their names Mrs. Tate would call them little niggas. She called niggas so much that the boys knew whom she was talking to by the she said it. One day Antwan was left alone with the daughter Nadine to baby-sit him. Nadine put her tongue in Antwans mouth kissing him, then slapped him and told Antwan to go to the basement and drop his drawers. Antwan ran out of the basement and to his friends house after Nadine molested him. Antwan was charming with the women. He would often compliment Dr. Davenport on nice looking his wife was and how much of a good cook she was, and would smile in a shy boyish look. On the other hand Antwan was the exact opposite with men. When one of his shipmates would joke with in a manner Antwan did not think was appropriate or get to close to him, instead of saying so Antwan would respond violently. Antwan assaulted one shipmate for getting in his face, and then when confronted by his commanding officer Antwan told him there was racial slur said toward him. Antwan would often get into physical fights because he did not know how to control his anger. This i ...

Biography of Srinivasa Ramanujan, Mathematical Genius

Biography of Srinivasa Ramanujan, Mathematical Genius Srinivasa Ramanujan (born December 22, 1887 in Erode, India) was an Indian mathematician who made substantial contributions to mathematics- including results in number theory, analysis, and infinite series- despite having little formal training in math. Fast Facts: Srinivasa Ramanujan Full Name: Srinivasa Aiyangar RamanujanKnown For: Prolific mathematicianParents’ Names: K. Srinivasa Aiyangar, KomalatammalBorn: December 22, 1887 in Erode, IndiaDied: April 26, 1920 at age 32 in Kumbakonam, IndiaSpouse: JanakiammalInteresting Fact: Ramanujans life is depicted in a book published in 1991 and a 2015 biographical film, both titled The Man Who Knew Infinity. Early Life and Education Ramanujan was born on December 22, 1887, in Erode, a city in southern India. His father, K. Srinivasa Aiyangar, was an accountant, and his mother Komalatammal was the daughter of a city official. Though Ramanujan’s family was of the Brahmin caste, the highest social class in India, they lived in poverty. Ramanujan began attending school at the age of 5. In 1898, he transferred to Town High School in Kumbakonam. Even at a young age, Ramanujan demonstrated extraordinary proficiency in math, impressing his teachers and upperclassmen. However, it was G.S. Carr’s book, A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure Mathematics, which reportedly spurred Ramanujan to become obsessed with the subject. Having no access to other books, Ramanujan taught himself mathematics using Carr’s book, whose topics included integral calculus and power series calculations. This concise book would have an unfortunate impact on the way Ramanujan wrote down his mathematical results later, as his writings included too few details for many people to understand how he arrived at his results. Ramanujan was so interested in studying mathematics that his formal education effectively came to a standstill. At the age of 16, Ramanujan matriculated at the Government College in Kumbakonam on a scholarship, but lost his scholarship the next year because he had neglected his other studies. He then failed the First Arts examination in 1906, which would have allowed him to matriculate at the University of Madras, passing math but failing his other subjects. Career For the next few years, Ramanujan worked independently on mathematics, writing down results in two notebooks. In 1909, he began publishing work in the Journal of the Indian Mathematical Society, which gained him recognition for his work despite lacking a university education. Needing employment, Ramanujan became a clerk in 1912 but continued his mathematics research and gained even more recognition. Receiving encouragement from a number of people, including the mathematician Seshu Iyer, Ramanujan sent over a letter along with about 120 mathematical theorems to G. H. Hardy, a lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge University in England. Hardy, thinking that the writer could either be a mathematician who was playing a prank or a previously undiscovered genius, asked another mathematician J.E. Littlewood, to help him look at Ramanujan’s work. The two concluded that Ramanujan was indeed a genius. Hardy wrote back, noting that Ramanujan’s theorems fell into roughly three categories: results that were already known (or which could easily be deduced with known mathematical theorems); results that were new, and that were interesting but not necessarily important; and results that were both new and important. Hardy immediately began to arrange for Ramanujan to come to England, but Ramanujan refused to go at first because of religious scruples about going overseas.  However, his mother dreamed that the Goddess of Namakkal commanded her to not prevent Ramanujan from fulfilling his purpose. Ramanujan arrived in England in 1914 and began his collaboration with Hardy. In 1916, Ramanujan obtained a Bachelor of Science by Research (later called a Ph.D.) from Cambridge University. His thesis was based on highly composite numbers, which are integers that have more divisors (or numbers that they can be divided by) than do integers of smaller value. In 1917, however, Ramanujan became seriously ill, possibly from tuberculosis, and was admitted to a nursing home at Cambridge, moving to different nursing homes as he tried to regain his health. In 1919, he showed some recovery and decided to move back to India. There, his health deteriorated again and he died there the following year. Personal Life On July 14, 1909, Ramanujan married Janakiammal, a girl whom his mother had selected for him. Because she was 10 at the time of marriage, Ramanujan did not live together with her until she reached puberty at the age of 12, as was common at the time. Honors and Awards 1918, Fellow of the Royal Society1918, Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge University In recognition of Ramanujan’s achievements, India also celebrates Mathematics Day on December 22, Ramanjan’s birthday. Death Ramanujan died on April 26, 1920 in Kumbakonam, India, at the age of 32. His death was likely caused by an intestinal disease called hepatic amoebiasis. Legacy and Impact Ramanujan proposed many formulas and theorems during his lifetime. These results, which include solutions of problems that were previously considered to be unsolvable, would be investigated in more detail by other mathematicians, as Ramanujan relied more on his intuition rather than writing out mathematical proofs. His results include: An infinite series for Ï€, which calculates the number based on the summation of other numbers. Ramanujan’s infinite series serves as the basis for many algorithms used to calculate Ï€.The Hardy-Ramanujan asymptotic formula, which provided a formula for calculating the partition of numbers- numbers that can be written as the sum of other numbers. For example, 5 can be written as 1 4, 2 3, or other combinations.The Hardy-Ramanujan number, which Ramanujan stated was the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of cubed numbers in two different ways. Mathematically, 1729 13 123 93 103. Ramanujan did not actually discover this result, which was actually published by the French mathematician Frà ©nicle de Bessy in 1657. However, Ramanujan made the number 1729 well known.1729 is an example of a â€Å"taxicab number,† which is the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of cubed numbers in n different ways. The name derives from a conversation bet ween Hardy and Ramanujan, in which Ramanujan asked Hardy the number of the taxi he had arrived in. Hardy replied that it was a boring number, 1729, to which Ramanujan replied that it was actually a very interesting number for the reasons above. Sources Kanigel, Robert. The Man Who Knew Infinity: A Life of the Genius Ramanujan. Scribner, 1991.Krishnamurthy, Mangala. â€Å"The Life and Lasting Influence of Srinivasa Ramanujan.† Science Technology Libraries, vol. 31, 2012, pp. 230–241.Miller, Julius. â€Å"Srinivasa Ramanujan: A Biographical Sketch.† School Science and Mathematics, vol. 51, no. 8, Nov. 1951, pp. 637–645.Newman, James. â€Å"Srinivasa Ramanujan.† Scientific American, vol. 178, no. 6, June 1948, pp. 54–57.OConnor, John, and Edmund Robertson. â€Å"Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan.† MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St. Andrews, Scotland, June 1998, www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Ramanujan.html.Singh, Dharminder, et al. â€Å"Srinvasa Ramanujans Contributions in Mathematics.† IOSR Journal of Mathematics, vol. 12, no. 3, 2016, pp. 137–139.â€Å"Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan.† Ramanujan Museum Math Education Centre, M.A .T Educational Trust, www.ramanujanmuseum.org/aboutramamujan.htm.

Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Debt Crisis - Essay Example The debt/equity ratio increased from 15:1 to 30:1 after the US Securities and Exchange Commission allowed shadow banks to borrow as much as their own risk management departments considered prudent. So while commercial banks formed only 40% of total lending, shadow banks accounted for almost 60%. Banks borrowed a ton of money, made great deals and grew tremendously rich. They then paid back the borrowed money. Investors saw this and wanted a part in it. This gave banks the idea to connect investors to home owners through mortgages. Because real estate had been doing so well, investment banks were interested in buying the mortgage. The lender agreed to sell it to them for a fee. The investment banks then borrowed heavily, bought more mortgages and collected them in a box. The bank then cut the box into 3 slices: Safe, Okay, and Risky. It packed the slices back up and called it a Collateralized Debt Obligation (CDO). A CDO works like three layers. As the money comes in from homeowners p aying off their mortgages the top tray fills first then the rest goes into the middle and the remainder goes into the last tray. If owners are unable to pay their mortgages, fewer payments are received and the last tray remains empty. For taking more risk, the lowest tray receives a higher rate of return as compared to the first tray which receives the lowest rate as it is the safest. Banks insured these slices for a minor charge called a Credit Default Swap (CDS). Credit rating agencies rated the top as a safe AAA investment and the middle as BBB. Because of the ratings, the investment banker could sell the slices to investors with different risk preferences. They made millions through this, and then repaid the loans. Since investors were making a lot more than 1%, they wanted more CDOs, investment banks wanted more mortgages and the demand for mortgages rose. They then approached the subprime market because if the homeowners defaulted on their mortgage, the lender would get the ho use which would increase in value. They started giving mortgages without requiring down payments, proof of income and any documents at all. These mortgages were Adjustable Rate Mortgages. The mortgage payments were attractively low during the initial period but they increased exponentially after the teaser period. As a result, from 2004 to 2006, the subprime mortgages accounted for approximately 1/5th of the overall mortgage market. Eventually the subprime borrowers started defaulting after the teaser period. The bank that was now the owner of the house went into foreclosure and put the house up for sale. Eventually, more houses went up for sale. Now there were so many houses for sale, increasing supply, causing house prices to fall, rather than rise. This created a problem for homeowners who continued to make their mortgage payments. The value of their houses began to decline as the number of houses for sale in the market increased. People refused to pay their mortgages. Default ra tes increased exponentially and prices nosedived. Consequently the value of CDOs which were backed by these mortgages also fell. Investment banks tried to sell the CDOs but there were no buyers. Through CDOs the problem spread to other financial markets. The problem was further compounded by CDS because sellers of CDS bought CDS from others to protect themselves. The Secondary market for subprime CDO trading halted because of lack of buyers in the market. Private financial institution refused to lend any cash

The Adoption Of Integrated Marketing Communications Essay

The Adoption Of Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example Integrated marketing communications is a marketing strategy that is extremely common-sense. IMC is an emerging concept. Therefore, it does not as yet have theoretical framework that is mutually accepted by all academicians or scholars. A number of scholars, however, are contributing to the building of a theory base. That is, in the rapidly changing advertising environment now found in many countries, there has been an inevitable calling for a more coordinated and systematized marketing communication concept and approach, which have often taken the form of Integrated Marketing Communications. Integrated marketing communications has been defined as a management philosophy (Stewart, 1996), an educational movement (Hutton, 1996), and a unifying business practice (Burnett and Moriarty, 1998), among others (cf. Stewart, 1996). These inconsistencies in defining and measuring IMC have prevented the development of a cohesive research stream in this area. In order to build on and extend previous research, we chose to adopt the original definition of Duncan and Everett (1993), who define IMC as "the strategic coordination of all messages and media used by an organization to influence its perceived brand value." The companies, who have adopted integrated marketing communications, use one strategy for everything instead of dividing communications into several departments. It is a re-invented marketing strategy and it must espouse two fundamental principles: 1. The first principle stipulates that marketers should view all forms of media, print, electronic equally. No precedence should be given to one form of media over the other, for example, to newspapers over television etc. Marketers should possess a totally unbiased and prejudice-free approach towards all form of marketing media. 2. The second principle that is a very important part of the marketing strategy is that the people responsible for marketing in every organization must approach all kinds of marketing media with a strategic approach and do proper planning in this regard. The background behind the emergence of IMC comes from three major areas. First, from the corporate or client side, an increasing competitiveness and higher risk in the marketplace brought about by aggressive activities by management's merger and acquisition group have been required simply to meet the consumer's increasingly diverse needs more successfully through a variety of new marketing strategies. Second, from the media and market side, weakening power of traditional marketing and advertising due to the rapid development of information technology has increased the search for more effective and cost-efficient methods in marketing communications. Third, from the consumer side, on-going changes and increasingly diversified consumer lifestyles have encouraged advertisers to develop more elaborate and quicker response communication disciplines. The traditional advertising media base has now been replaced with new forms of media. Thus, the companies now have to adopt new and emerging forms of